STRUCTURE TOEFL
Structure is a fundamental, tangible or intangible notion
referring to the recognition, observation, nature, and permanence of patterns
and relationships of entities.
What is " stucture " ?
Whatever the field of science in which you worked , you
would know about the concept of " structure " . In the engineering
disciplines , sociology , anthropology , art , mathematics , economics ,
geography , and all branches of science known concept and the term ' structure
' with different definitions . But if we look carefully , there is a common
thread of all the definitions of the different concepts such .
A ' structure ' certainly presupposes the existence of
three main things , namely :
1 ) parts / elements / structure -forming elements
2 ) linkages / relationships between elements / elements
/ sections
3 ) law / order / specific pattern that binds all the
elements / elements / parts
Therefore ' structure ' implies three things mentioned
above , then the same way the questions on the Structure & Written
Expression is also presupposes three things . Therefore, the smallest unit
being tested are sentences ( not paragraphs as in section 3 ) , then we should
be able to recognize :
1 ) sentence -forming elements
2 ) relationships between elements sentence
3 ) the pattern of binding of all these elements .
example :
A camel ______________ 30 gallons of water in ten
minutes .
( a) it can drink
( b ) a large drink of
( c ) can drink
( d ) with a drink of
If seen , the above sentence contains components Subject
( ' A camel ' ) but no Verb its components ( in Indonesian we know this
component as a predicate ) . So we have to find a Verb in the options provided
. Of the four options , there are 2 options are NOT Verb , that option ( b )
and ( d ) , so that automatically we will ignore these two options . Answer
choices ( a) contains a Verb , but still contains the Subject , that 'it ' .
Because the sentence already contains Subject , option ( a) is therefore also
wrong . The answer to the question above is ( c ) , considering this is the
only option that contains the verb . Remember , in the 2nd part TOEFL (
Structure) answer to the question should be fit to answer the question , If the
omitted verb , then seek Verb , should not be less ( no load Verb ) or more (
contain other components that are not needed ) .
About Subject and Verb
The main components of a sentence in English is Subject (
S ) and verb ( V ) . However, the term Verb (verb ) here commensurate with the
predicate in Indonesian . Let us look at the following illustration :
Sentence : I'm hungry .
Subject : I
Predicate : hungry
The above sentence consists of two words , ' I ' and '
hungry ' . In the Indonesian sentence is grammatically acceptable . Judging
from the type he says , components subject ' I ' is the pronoun ( Pronoun or
pronouns ) , and consists of a predicate adjective ( adjective ) ' hungry ' . A
sentence which contains only one form of subject pronouns and adjectives form a
predicate or noun ( N ) is possible in the Indonesian .
However, unlike the case in English . The phrase ' I am
hungry . ' in Indonesian is not the same as " I hungry ' , although I = I
, and hungry = hungry . sentence should English is " I am hungry . "
Now , that sentence contains ' am ' between I ( i ) and hungry ( hungry ) . in
other words , there is an additional component in the English tongue predicate
.
So far we know ' am ' as one of the 'to be' . However, if
viewed in the dictionary entry ' be ' categorized as a verb ( verb ) .
Therefore , the striking difference between the predicate Indonesi language and
English is that the English predicate must contain a verb ( verb ) , and
therefore we will refer to the basic components of English sentences as Subject
& Bases Verb ( S + V ) , is no longer the S + P.
Now let's see , how many types of verb that can fill the
components ' predicate ' in English :
1 ) To be : is , am , are , was , were , be , been ,
being .
2 ) Finite verb : drive , walk , write , say , and other
variants such as says , walks , writes , drives , sleeps , and others .
Included in this is kelopok 2nd form of the verb ( V2 / past ) , namely , drove
, slept , wrote , said , walked , etc. .
3 ) modals : can , may , must , should , would . shall ,
will
4 ) Auxiliary verb : do , does, did , as well as other
variants such as have , had , has .
There is no regular expressions in English which do not
contain any of the groups listed above or a combination thereof . Remember :
Verb form - ing ( sleeping , driving , walking , writing, etc. ) are not
included in the above group considering the use of this word has rules of its
own .
Now try the following questions :
The President ______________ the election by a landslide
.
( a) won
( b ) he won
( c ) yesterday
( d ) fortunately
S - V Agreement , Appositive , and the Object
of Preposition
Unlike in Indonesian , in English subject must be in
conformity with the Verb . For example , in the sentence ' She is writing a
letter ' subject ' She' and the verb ' is writing ' accords , because if I
replace it with ' are writing ' , then the subject is not in conformity with
the verb . Questions relating to the suitability pretty much found the TOEFL .
In general , in the context of some of the Simple Present
Tense and the Past , S and V must be compatible . For example :
We are students .
We have been waiting for him for more that five hours .
She was eating dinner when I arrived .
Consider another example :
The value of precious gems is determined by their
hardness and brilliance .
Although the remote location of S and V as in the example
sentence above , they still have to be compatible .
In general, a short way to memorize these concepts are :
S + V + s - s
S - s + V + s
This means that if S contains the letter ' s' ( plural ,
eg Brothers ) then V is not using the letter ' s' ( eg work , not works ) .
Vice versa . Examples .
My brothers work at the post office .
My brother works at the post office .
Apposition ( Appositive ) is a word or group of words
that typically do not contain S and V , the meaning of which is equal to S , or
explain S. He could be placed between the S and V are flanked by two commas ,
or can also be placed before the S and separated by a comma.
example :
Influenza , a common disease , has no cure .
Its apposition : 'a common disease'
or it could be :
A common disease , influenza has no cure .
Meanwhile , an S shall not contain prepositions (
preposition ) like ' at , on , in , of , with' etc. . If on an S we find the
next word , then it is not included as part of S. For example , if the S is : '
The value of precious gems ' then calculated as S to be adjusted to V ( see SV
Agreement ) is the part before the preposition , namely ' the value' course ,
remember the words which afterwards preceded by the preposition ' of ' .
So if S ' The value of precious gems ' have V '
Determines ' then S and V are NOT accords . Do not be fooled by the plural form
after the preposition . Beware , participants often stuck .
It should also be noted that there exist some S which
requires V is singular or plural . It is however a few exceptions . For example
:
The number of single V wants .........
The number of female doctors is ..... ( not ' are ' )
A number of the Multi V desires .............
A number of students are ...... ( not ' is ' )
Uptake Words from Latin and Greek following also have
irregular patterns :
Single : medium --- > media ( plural )
bacterium
--- > bacteria
datum
--- > data
alumnus
- > Alumni
radius
--- > radii
algae
- > algae
vita
- > vitae
phenomenon
- > phenomena
criterion
- > criteria
index
- > indeces
TENSES
Therefore it is only 2 forms of time alone , PAST and
PRESENT , then on the TOEFL questions about tenses only two tenses are
struggling in this course . Why is that ? Of the four forms of the verb , V1 ,
V2 , V3 , and V - ing , only V1 and V2 was related to time .
example :
1 ) She is writing a letter ( PRESENT )
2 ) She was writing a letter ( PAST )
Explanation : in sentence 1 ) : words in V that shows
Present is ' is ' ( V1 ) is not ' writing ' ; in sentence 2 ) : words in V that
shows is the Past ' was ' ( V2 ) instead of ' writing ' . Try to see if the
form - ing ' writing ' to change due to time ? He replied NO ! ! To be honest ,
we often get caught saying that the existing V - ing that it is PRESENT . From
now on let us understand that the V - ing that there is no relation whatsoever
with the PRESENT .
Another example :
1 ) She has written her thesis .
2 ) She had written her thesis .
Explanation : in sentence 1 ) the word ' has ' ( V1 )
showed PRESENT , not ' written ' ; in sentence 2 ) kata'had ' ( V2 ) shows the
PAST , not ' written ' . Once again , we sometimes get stuck as PAST understand
the V3 , but V3 has nothing to do with the PAST .
In the TOEFL , questions about tenses only revolve around
the issue of whether the V shape is in conformity with the context of the
sentence or not ; and it was just about the only form of PAST and PRESENT .
example :
In the Milkyway Galaxy , the most recently observed
supernova has Appeared in 1604.
Verb ' has Appeared ' in the above sentence is not
appropriate , given the marker 's time is past , namely 1964.
FORMULA relating to USING VERBS
Each verb has four forms , namely V1 , V2 , V3 , and V -
ing . Each verb when used as a predicate , it means the verb has an S on the
left or right side , there are certain formulas that need to be understood and
, of course , be memorized :
S + V1 / s : They write letters every week .
She
writes a letter every week .
The use of V1 directly after the S , can not use to be or
has , have , had .
S + V2 : She wrote a letter last week .
The use of V2 also directly after the S !
S + to be + V - ing : She is writing a letter .
The use of V - ing should always be accompanied by one of
the forms to be when used as a predicate . Remember : if NOT as a predicate ,
then V - ing may not use to be .
Example : The boy standing in the corner is naughty .
The word ' standing ' in the sentence above is NOT the
one of a predicate ,
S + has / have / had / to be + V3 : She has written a
letter .
Use of V3 must always be accompanied by Has / have / had
/ to be when used as a predicate ! Remember : if NOT as a predicate , then V3
must be ' alone ' .
Example : The letter written last week arrived today .
The word ' written ' in the sentence above is NOT a Verb
, but only an Adjective . Verb ( predicate ) sentence above is ' arrived ' .
